table of contents
We live in tumultuous, but interesting times. The rich have gotten richer, the poor—poorer and innovators have devised innovative ways to work through the disruption that has been brought about by the coronavirus-induced pandemic. The pandemic has also brought about a battery of changes to our lifestyle, beginning with many of us learning how to cook complex dishes from scratch, others finding newer hobbies, or even spending time to learn something new about ourselves. During the pandemic, many of us have also finally found the time to curl up on our couches, turn into couch potatoes and binge-watch Netflix originals till we run out of bandwidth.
Sudden surges
Although most services such as Netflix, Amazon Prime video and many other video and audio streaming service providers have highly scalable systems that can withstand sudden surges and spikes in usage, there are chances that these services might experience outages which can result in user frustration and in some extreme cases of long-term outages—abandonment of the platform too. Complex, large-scale distributed systems such as Netflix and Amazon Prime video and many others that potentially have millions of users must be tested effectively and extensively keeping in mind surges and spikes.
However, unusually heavy spikes such as those caused by the pandemic have been unprecedented and have possibly not been in any company’s testing team kitty.
Continuous integration delivery and production
The problems of CI/CD and resolving the problems of constantly engaged systems
Companies like Netflix have constant updates to their system, which are continuously tested and delivered to their live platforms. For this, Netflix testing teams create hundreds of thousands of tester accounts every day, each being used in thousands of test scenarios to avoid any shortfalls.
This has caused the testing of Netflix to move from a manual testing regimen that would work on a test system before making it live to a large, distributed automated testing of Netflix client and server applications running at scale in production. To facilitate this, testing at Netflix has gone from a low-volume manual mode to a continuous, fully automated, voluminous mode where nothing is left to chance.
An imaginary scenario with real implications
Imagine this—you, and millions of others are at nail-biting, suspenseful climax in the story and suddenly—boom! Netflix is now offline. This would send alarm bells ringing at Netflix HQ and testing SWAT teams would suddenly fly in from your windows to analyse what went wrong. However, thankfully, this does not happen often.
The Goal
The goal at Netflix is simple—to be online for their users 99.99% of the time. Although Netflix has a pretty decent track record of staying online, they do occasionally encounter glitches that put the system off track. One of these incidents occurred when a development team at Netflix deployed software that impacted the large infrastructure at Netflix negatively, causing widespread disruption in services and thousands of unhappy customers.
This led to Netflix scrambling to create a fix that would essentially resolve the issue in few hours, but also gave Netflix some food for thought—that their testing regimen was inadequate and ineffective for such a large, distributed, user-facing system.
What could go wrong?
What happened at Netflix was an oversight on various levels. A new piece of code that was designed to clean up unused resources was actually being tested on the production server. This oversight caused two major problems due to bugs in the code:
- The first bug caused a dry run mode flag in cleanup that was to protect the actual cleanup to be interpreted incorrectly—reversing its effect. This was caused to a poorly written unit test that could have caused this issue to be caught in development.
- The second bug was in a piece of code that checked if a resource was actually unused. The conclusion of this check overlooked some cases that existed only in production.
The combination of these two bugs caused a removal of key resources in production—resulting in the actual outage at Netflix.
Preventing these problems
Preventing or reducing the incidents of these problems leads to a common dilemma
Should testing be done in a test environment or in a production environment? Although most of us would advocate testing to be done in pre-production so that actual customers are not impacted, some would advocate testing in production to ensure that code is running well in both test and prod. The reality of the scenario is that the code should be tested in all three situations: dev, test and prod. The challenge faced by Netflix was to devise an effective methodology that helps in deciding why, when and how to test in these environments.
This also led to another set of questions
- Is the test environment a safe and complete mirror of our production environment?
OR
- Is the test environment the latest build with features that others might need to integrate with?
The result of this was the common scenario of having overtly complex and numerous test environments.
The answer
The answer to this problem that was creating from thinking of a fix to the existing problem was simple—end-to-end automation that would replicate thousands of scenarios without problems.
This answer, however, came with its own set of problems—finding a scalable solution to creating a production-like pre-production environment that does not require cloning production entirely and resulting in a massive investment requirement as well.
Another problem was that pre-production and production usage patterns could be completely different from each other. Traffic is also thousands of times less when compared to production.
Testing payments
Testing payments was another colossus altogether. Instead of testing payments in production using real money, it is better to create fake MOPs and fake transactions exercised on them in sandbox accounts that does not overburden the existing payment systems in place.
The approach
Of the thousands of possible approaches, Netflix chose production capture and replay to scale their test to be as close as possible to prod.
A large number of requests from customer devices was taken from persistence and duplex-replayed them in test after they were stripped of their personally identified information. This caused tests to become real-world scenarios. This also helped in identifying numerous corner-case bugs that were previously unknown.
The bugs identified were routed back into functional and integrated tests via a schema. This also helped in gaining confidence on quality feature migration and helped to accelerate change velocity. This also gave way to an interesting learning:
All the basic duplex tests could be run in PRODUCTION through tester accounts. However, prod capture and replay duplex tests were limited to the test environment because replaying in production would harm actual customer data with reissue of requests.
Hastings says. “And instead tragically it is a biological one, so everybody is locked up and we had the greatest growth in the first half of this year that we ever had.” With a market capitalization of around US$230 billion, it has been vying with Walt Disney since March for the title of the world’s most valuable entertainment group.
Masked and refreshed data could safely be used to replay requests in the test environment after a time delay. This focused our interest on the data set and not the production environment. Although this was not totally as stable as production, but gave us a good idea of how it could be.
Failing is important in testing. Failures help test teams to identify real issues in downstream implementations. To mitigate this, all functional validations were to run real canaries in production, essentially exposing a small percentage of actual customer traffic to both versions of the API under test.
Running canary analysis algos on the metrics that were gathered from these implementations and a compare-verify regimen would check if client and server metrics were equivalent. This would help to capture failing request logs from the canaries and would help to debug and triage issues better.
Learnings
Learnings from such an approach are manifold.
- The first one would be to understand that test and prod are different, but their differences must be embraced to utilize the capability of both.
- Although testing is good in a sandboxed environment, testing in production is important for such implementations.
- Solving the problems in either environment can go a long way in ensuring test success
- Stay on the lookout for rethinking your testing strategy. Even if it may come at an extra cost, the end result would be worth it.
- Find a pragmatic testing shape that is right for your company—do not look for a textbook shape that fits in.
- Start production simulation and chaos experiments—these will help to validate your functional and resiliency testing capabilities for the future.
At Netflix, chaos testing is done at scale in production. Testing everything from fire raining from the sky to aliens killing their servers, they leave nothing to chance. If they haven’t, why should you? The testing teams at Volumetree are experienced, reliant and know where to hand out the red flags. Give your software the quality edge it needs. Schedule a consultation with our test consultants today!
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Ashley JKT48: Bintang yang Bersinar Terang di Langit Idola
Siapa Ashley JKT48?
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Fungsi dalam JKT48
Ashley mengisi posisi penting dalam grup JKT48. Beliau adalah personel Tim KIII dan berperan sebagai dancer utama dan vokal utama. Ashley juga menjadi bagian dari subunit “J3K” bersama Jessica Veranda dan Jennifer Rachel Natasya.
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Siapakah tokoh muda berbakat yang menarik perhatian banyak penyuka lagu di Indonesia dan Asia Tenggara? Itulah Ashley Courtney Shintia, atau yang lebih dikenal dengan nama bekennya, Ashley JKT48. Menjadi anggota dengan grup idola JKT48 pada tahun 2018, Ashley dengan segera menjadi salah satu anggota paling terkenal.
Biografi
Terlahir di Jakarta pada tgl 13 Maret 2000, Ashley berketurunan keturunan Tionghoa-Indonesia. Ia mengawali kariernya di bidang entertainment sebagai model dan aktris, sebelum akhirnya bergabung dengan JKT48. Kepribadiannya yang gembira, vokal yang mantap, dan kemampuan menari yang mengesankan menjadikannya idola yang sangat dicintai.
Pengakuan dan Pengakuan
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Posisi dalam JKT48
Ashley mengisi fungsi krusial dalam kelompok JKT48. Ia adalah anggota Tim KIII dan berfungsi sebagai penari utama dan vokalis. Ashley juga menjadi member dari sub-unit “J3K” dengan Jessica Veranda dan Jennifer Rachel Natasya.
Karier Solo
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Inspirasi dari Kutipan Taylor Swift: Harapan dan Cinta dalam Lagu-Lagunya
Penyanyi Terkenal, seorang penyanyi dan songwriter terkenal, tidak hanya diakui berkat nada yang elok dan nyanyian yang merdu, tetapi juga oleh karena kata-kata lagu-lagunya yang penuh makna. Dalam lirik-liriknya, Swift sering melukiskan berbagai aspek eksistensi, mulai dari cinta hingga tantangan hidup. Berikut ini adalah beberapa petikan motivatif dari lagu-lagunya, beserta terjemahannya.
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Investigating Sweepstakes Gaming Hubs: An Exciting and Accessible Playing Alternative
Preface
Sweepstakes betting sites are growing into a favored substitute for users desiring an engaging and authorized approach to enjoy internet-based gambling. Differing from conventional internet-based betting sites, lottery gambling platforms run under separate legal models, enabling them to offer games and awards without coming under the equivalent regulations. This piece explores the notion of sweepstakes betting sites, their merits, and why they are appealing to a rising figure of players.
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먹튀 해결 팀의 먹튀 검증은 투명성과 공평성을 기반으로 합니다. 항상 이용자들의 의견을 우선으로 생각하고, 기업의 회유나 이익에 흔들리지 않고 1건의 삭제 없이 사실만을 근거로 검토해왔습니다. 먹튀 문제를 겪고 후회하지 않도록, 바로 지금 시작하세요.
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먹튀해결사가 선별한 안전한 토토사이트 인증된 업체 목록 입니다. 현재 등록되어 있는 검증업체들은 먹튀 문제가 발생 시 100% 보증을 도와드립니다. 하지만, 제휴가 끝난 업체에서 발생한 사고에 대해서는 책임지지 않습니다.
독보적인 먹튀 검증 알고리즘
먹튀 해결 팀은 깨끗한 베팅 환경을 형성하기 위해 항상 노력하고 있습니다. 저희가 추천하는 베팅사이트에서 안전하게 베팅하시기 바랍니다. 고객님의 먹튀 신고는 먹튀 리스트에 등록 노출되어 해당되는 스포츠토토 사이트에 심각한 영향을 끼칩니다. 먹튀 목록 작성 시 먹튀블러드만의 검증 노하우를 최대로 사용하여 공평한 심사를 하도록 약속드립니다.
안전한 베팅 문화를 조성하기 위해 계속해서 노력하는 먹튀해결사와 함께 안전하게 즐겨보세요.
Exploring the Universe of Online Casinos
Commencement
Currently, online casinos have changed the way users enjoy casino games. With sophisticated digital advancements, users can get to their chosen games from the coziness of their residences. This text delves into the pros of online casinos and for why they are gaining favor.
Perks of Virtual Casinos
Ease
One of the key perks of virtual casinos is comfort. Enthusiasts can play whenever and wherever they choose, removing the necessity to travel to a land-based betting place.
Diverse Game Selection
Online casinos supply a extensive range of gaming options, spanning from old-school slot machines and board games to live dealer games and contemporary slot machines. This diversity ensures that there is an activity for every player.
Bonuses and Promotions
Among the key enticing characteristics of internet casinos is the range of incentives and deals given to gamblers. These can consist of sign-up bonuses, complimentary spins, cashback promotions, and player clubs.
Safety and Security
Reputable internet casinos guarantee gambler security and security with sophisticated data protection techniques. This safeguards personal data and payment operations.
Why Many Players Prefer Casino Online
Availability
Internet casinos are extensively available, facilitating enthusiasts from numerous regions to play betting.
Discovering Free-of-Charge Casino Games
Start
In the digital age, free casino games have become a preferred choice for gambling enthusiasts who want to play casino games minus using money. This article explores the advantages of complimentary casino games and the reasons they are attracting interest.
Advantages of No-Cost Casino Games
Safe Betting
One of the major perks of free casino games is the ability to engage in gaming free from monetary loss. Gamblers can enjoy their preferred betting activities minus concerns about losing money.
Skill Development
Complimentary casino games give an fantastic stage for users to sharpen their abilities. Be it understanding techniques in blackjack, players can work on free from monetary repercussions.
Extensive Game Options
Free-of-charge casino games give a vast selection of casino games, such options as old-school slots, card games, and real-time games. This variety makes sure that there is a game for all types of players.
Why Many Players Prefer Free Casino Games
Accessibility
Complimentary casino games are broadly available, enabling gamblers from various backgrounds to experience casino games.
No Financial Commitment
Unlike cash-based gaming, free-of-charge casino games do not require a financial outlay. This facilitates users to play gaming without worrying about losing cash.
Try Before You Invest
Free casino games provide users the possibility to sample games ahead of putting down genuine money. This aids players form sound decisions.
Closing
Complimentary casino games supplies a exciting and secure method to play casino games. With no financial risk, extensive game choices, and chances for skill development, it is clear that countless players choose no-cost casino games for their playing needs.
Discovering Gambling Slots
Commencement
Cash slots have become a preferred alternative for players looking for the excitement of securing actual currency. This piece examines the benefits of gambling slots and the motivations they are gaining more players.
Perks of Gambling Slots
Genuine Rewards
The most attraction of real money slots is the possibility to earn tangible cash. Unlike complimentary slots, gambling slots supply gamblers the excitement of potential money prizes.
Wide Range of Games
Cash slots supply a extensive range of genres, features, and payout structures. This ensures that there is an activity for all types of players, including traditional three-reel slots to state-of-the-art video slots with numerous payment lines and bonus features.
Exciting Bonuses and Promotions
Various digital casinos give thrilling bonuses for cash slot enthusiasts. These can comprise joining bonuses, complimentary spins, money-back deals, and member incentives. Such incentives improve the overall gaming journey and provide further potential to earn money.
Why Players Choose Real Money Slots
The Thrill of Winning Real Money
Gambling slots supply an adrenaline-filled adventure, as enthusiasts anticipate the chance of winning genuine currency. This aspect injects an extra dimension of excitement to the betting adventure.
Instant Gratification
Real money slots offer players the pleasure of immediate payouts. Winning currency instantly enhances the casino activity, making it more rewarding.
Extensive Game Variety
Including money slots, enthusiasts can play a diverse selection of slot machines, assuring that there is continuously an activity new to experience.
Summary
Cash slots provides a adrenaline-filled and gratifying playing adventure. With the opportunity to earn actual funds, a diverse selection of games, and exciting rewards, it’s understandable that countless users like gambling slots for their betting requirements.
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